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Master of Electronic Art
Spatiality and Interaction
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Virtual Reality, Immersion & Panoramas Week oneOverview The term Virtual Reality (VR) was coined by Jaron Lanier. His company, VR Research , founded in 1983, was first to commercially introduce immersive virtual reality products: a glove device, 1984, head-mounted displays, 1987 & networked virtual world systems, 1999. However the technology associated with VR has its origins in the military. As early as 1966, Ivan Sutherland built a HMD which was connected to the computer. Immersion, considered to be the primary characteristic of VR, has a long history that can be traced as far back as the cave paintings, the Pompeii frescos, throughout the Baroque and more recently to the 18 th century development of panoramas.
Robert Barker was credited for inventing the panorama. In 1789 he obtained a patent for it and in 1793 opened a two storey Rotunda showing the view of the city in London. The first Digital Panorama was launched in 1994 with the release of the Star Trek CD-ROM. The appearance of the panorama in the cyberspace can be seen as a continuation of a project of blurring the boundary between the viewer and the image, offering a rendition of space exceeded only by actually being there. It also makes possible a visualization of a space that cannot otherwise be accessed. An impression of the continuous field in VR was initially achieved by the use of QuickTime VR software developed by Eric Chen or alternatively through a process called 'image stitching'. Peter Morse , Metraform , Luc Courchesne, Barbara Siegel , Agnes Hegedus , Carol Rudyard , Joseph Nechvatal the laterna magica Villa dei Misteri in Pompeii Villa Livia near Primaporta Baltadassare penezzi The Sala delle Prospective Anton von Werner 1883 The Battle of Sedan Manet Water de Orangerie Lillies Panorama at Giverny Enrico Prampollini - futurist Polydimensional Scenoscope photorama - Lumiere Brothers Primary Reading Grau, Oliver Immersion and Interaction From circular frescoes to interactive image spaces Pimentel, K & Teixeira, K 1993 Virtual Reality: Through the New Looking Glass , First edition, Windcrest, McGraw-Hill
Grau, Oliver 2003 Virtual Art From Illusion to Immersion , MIT Press, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge/Massachusets, ch1, ch4 Nechvatal, Joseph Nervous Views from Within : Towards an Immersive Intelligence This paper/talk was delivered at the GMD-Institute for Media Communication MARS, Schloss Birlinghoven, Sankt Augustin, Germany Papagiannakis, G, Schertenleib, S, O'Kennedy, B , Arevalo-Poizat, M, Magnenat-Thalmann, N, Stoddart, A, Thalmann, D 2005 Mixing Virtual and Real scenes in the site of ancient Pompeii , Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds, p 11-24, Volume 16, Issue 1 . February
More on VR Myron Krueger Live , Myron Krueger interviewed by Jeremy Turner 2002
Origins of Virtualism : An Interview with Frank Popper Conducted by Joseph Nechvatal. 2003 Refresh! Conference and banf archive on panoramasBenjamin, Walter 1999 The Arcades Project , Belknap Press, Cambridge, Mass. Buck-Morss, Sussan 1997 The Dialectics of Seeing: Walter Benjamin and the Arcades Project , MIT Press, Grau, Oliver 2003 Virtual Art From Illusion to Immersion , MIT Press, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge/Massachusets, ch2 & ch3 Oettermann, S 1997 The Panorama: History of a Mass Medium , Zone Books, NY Comment, B 1999 The Painted Panorama , Abrams, New York on antecedentsGrau, Oliver 2003 Virtual Art From Illusion to Immersion , MIT Press, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge/Massachusets, ch 2 -4 Grau traces the development of the spaces of virtual reality to European tradition of spaces of illusion such as the frescos of the Villa dei Misteri, Pompeii. Popper, Frank From Technological to Virtual Art , The MIT Press Covers the development of immersive and interactive media. He argues that contemporary virtual art moves towards humanization of technology through its emphasis on interactivity Nechvatal, Joseph Immersive Ideals/Critical Distances : A Study of the Affinity Between Artistic Ideologies Based in Virtual Reality and previous Immersive Idioms
Crary, J 1993 Techniques of the Observer: On Vision and Modernity in the 19th Century , MIT Press, Cambridge, MA Huhtamo E 1995 From Kaleidoscomaniac to Cybernerd: Notes toward an Archeology of Media in Druckery, T 1995 Electronic Culture: Technology and Visual Representation , Aperture, New York on perspective: Damisch, H 1995 The Origin of Perspective , MIT Press, Cambridge MA Kemp, M 1990 The Science of Art: Optical Themes in Western Art from Brunelleschi to Seurat , Yale University Press, New Haven Panofsky, E 1991 Perspective as Symbolic Form , Zone Books, New York White, J 1987 The Birth and Rebirth of Pictorial Space , 3rd ed, Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA on Lanier Finding Humanity in the Interface: Capacity Atrophy or Augmentation? A debate between Jaron Lanier and Will Wright, moderated by Mark Finnern from the Accelerating Change 2004 conference. More Benosman, Ryad & Sing Bing Kang (eds) 2001 Panoramic Vision: Sensors, Theory, and Applications, Springer-Verlag New York Nechvatal, Joseph 1997 Newgrange As Immersive Experience:
Joseph Nechvatal , larticles ZKM Interview with Joseph Nechvatal virtual tour of the Tikal ruins at Guatemala Oettermann, Stephan 1997 The Panorama: History of a Mass Medium , MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. Sterling, Bruce Dead Media Project Loren J Price The International QuickTime VR Association Crary, Jonathan 1990 Techniques of the Observer: On Vision and Modernity in the Nineteenth Century , MIT Press Cambridge, Mass, London England book about how the visual machines (stereoscope, phenakisticope etc) changes the observer's perception Friedberg, Anne 1993 Window Shopping: Cinema and the postmodern , University of California Press Joseph Nechvatal 2004 Origins of Virtualism: an interview with Frank Popper
THE IMAGE - FROM REAL TO VIRTUAL Oliver Grau interviewed by Deutschlandfunk
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